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从公众号上看到了一篇文章《30个python编程技巧！》，觉得有些挺有用的，有的也一直在用，就挨个实现了一下。
原地交换两个数字
x, y =10, 20
print(x, y)
y, x = x, y
print(x, y)10 20 20 10
链状比较操作符
n = 10
print(1 < n < 20)
print(1 > n <= 9)True False
使用三元操作符来实现条件赋值
[表达式为真的返回值] if [表达式] else [表达式为假的返回值]
y = 20
x = 9 if (y == 10) else 8
print(x)8
找abc中最小的数
def small(a, b, c):
return a if a<b and a<c else (b if b<a and b<c else c)
print(small(1, 0, 1))
print(small(1, 2, 2))
print(small(2, 2, 3))
print(small(5, 4, 3))0 1 3 3
列表推导
x = [m**2 if m>10 else m**4 for m in range(50)]
print(x)[0, 1, 16, 81, 256, 625, 1296, 2401, 4096, 6561, 10000, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, 256, 289, 324, 361, 400, 441, 484, 529, 576, 625, 676, 729, 784, 841, 900, 961, 1024, 1089, 1156, 1225, 1296, 1369, 1444, 1521, 1600, 1681, 1764, 1849, 1936, 2025, 2116, 2209, 2304, 2401]
多行字符串
multistr = "select * from multi_row \
where row_id < 5"
print(multistr)select * from multi_row where row_id < 5
multistr = """select * from multi_row
where row_id < 5"""
print(multistr)select * from multi_row where row_id < 5
multistr = ("select * from multi_row"
"where row_id < 5"
"order by age")
print(multistr)select * from multi_rowwhere row_id < 5order by age
存储列表元素到新的变量
testList = [1, 2, 3]
x, y, z = testList # 变量个数应该和列表长度严格一致
print(x, y, z)1 2 3
打印引入模块的绝对路径
import threading
import socket
print(threading)
print(socket)<module ‘threading’ from ‘d:\python351\lib\threading.py’>
<module ‘socket’ from ‘d:\python351\lib\socket.py’>
交互环境下的“_”操作符
在python控制台，不论我们测试一个表达式还是调用一个方法，结果都会分配给一个临时变量“_”
字典/集合推导
testDic = {i: i * i for i in range(10)}
testSet = {i * 2 for i in range(10)}
print(testDic)
print(testSet)
{0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25, 6: 36, 7: 49, 8: 64, 9: 81}
{0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18}
调试脚本
用pdb模块设置断点
import pdb
pdb.ste_trace()开启文件分享
python允许开启一个HTTP服务器从根目录共享文件
python -m http.server检查python中的对象
test = [1, 3, 5, 7]
print(dir(test))['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__iadd__', '__imul__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__reversed__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'append', 'clear', 'copy', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert', 'pop', 'remove', 'reverse', 'sort']
test = range(10)
print(dir(test))['__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__reversed__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'count', 'index', 'start', 'step', 'stop']
简化if语句
# use following way to verify multi values
if m in [1, 2, 3, 4]:
# do not use following way
if m==1 or m==2 or m==3 or m==4:运行时检测python版本
import sys
if not hasattr(sys, "hexversion") or sys.version_info != (2, 7):
print("sorry, you are not running on python 2.7")
print("current python version:", sys.version)sorry, you are not running on python 2.7 current python version: 3.5.1 (v3.5.1:37a07cee5969, Dec 6 2015, 01:54:25) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)]
组合多个字符串
test = ["I", "Like", "Python"]
print(test)
print("".join(test))['I', 'Like', 'Python'] ILikePython
四种翻转字符串、列表的方式
# 翻转列表本身
testList = [1, 3, 5]
testList.reverse()
print(testList)[5, 3, 1]
# 在一个循环中翻转并迭代输出
for element in reversed([1, 3, 5]):
print(element)5 3 1
# 翻转字符串
print("Test Python"[::-1])nohtyP tseT
# 用切片翻转列表
print([1, 3, 5][::-1])[5, 3, 1]
用枚举在循环中找到索引
test = [10, 20, 30]
for i, value in enumerate(test):
print(i, ':', value)0 : 10 1 : 20 2 : 30
定义枚举量
class shapes:
circle, square, triangle, quadrangle = range(4)
print(shapes.circle)
print(shapes.square)
print(shapes.triangle)
print(shapes.quadrangle)0 1 2 3
从方法中返回多个值
def x():
return 1, 2, 3, 4
a, b, c, d = x()
print(a, b, c, d)1 2 3 4
使用*运算符unpack函数参数
def test(x, y, z):
print(x, y, z)
testDic = {'x':1, 'y':2, 'z':3}
testList = [10, 20, 30]
test(*testDic)
test(**testDic)
test(*testList)z x y 1 2 3 10 20 30
用字典来存储表达式
stdcalc = {
"sum": lambda x, y: x + y,
"subtract": lambda x, y: x - y
}
print(stdcalc["sum"](9, 3))
print(stdcalc["subtract"](9, 3))12 6
计算任何数的阶乘
import functools
result = (lambda k: functools.reduce(int.__mul__, range(1, k+1), 1))(3)
print(result)6
找到列表中出现次数最多的数
test = [1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 2, 3, 1, 4, 4, 4, 4]
print(max(set(test), key=test.count))4
重置递归限制
python限制递归次数到1000，可以用下面方法重置
import sys
x = 1200
print(sys.getrecursionlimit())
sys.setrecursionlimit(x)
print(sys.getrecursionlimit())1000 1200
检查一个对象的内存使用
import sys
x = 1
print(sys.getsizeof(x)) # python3.5中一个32比特的整数占用28字节28
使用slots减少内存开支
import sys
# 原始类
class FileSystem(object):
def __init__(self, files, folders, devices):
self.files = files
self.folder = folders
self.devices = devices
print(sys.getsizeof(FileSystem))
# 减少内存后
class FileSystem(object):
__slots__ = ['files', 'folders', 'devices']
def __init__(self, files, folders, devices):
self.files = files
self.folder = folders
self.devices = devices
print(sys.getsizeof(FileSystem))1016 888
用lambda 来模仿输出方法
import sys
lprint = lambda *args: sys.stdout.write(" ".join(map(str, args)))
lprint("python", "tips", 1000, 1001)python tips 1000 1001
从两个相关序列构建一个字典
t1 = (1, 2, 3)
t2 = (10, 20, 30)
print(dict(zip(t1, t2))){1: 10, 2: 20, 3: 30}
搜索字符串的多个前后缀
print("http://localhost:8888/notebooks/Untitled6.ipynb".startswith(("http://", "https://")))
print("http://localhost:8888/notebooks/Untitled6.ipynb".endswith((".ipynb", ".py")))True True
不使用循环构造一个列表
import itertools
import numpy as np
test = [[-1, -2], [30, 40], [25, 35]]
print(list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(test)))[-1, -2, 30, 40, 25, 35]
实现switch-case语句
def xswitch(x):
return xswitch._system_dict.get(x, None)
xswitch._system_dict = {"files":10, "folders":5, "devices":2}
print(xswitch("default"))
print(xswitch("devices"))None 2